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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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I?., 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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Q 


D 


n 

D 
D 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
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I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


D 


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□ 
n 
n 


Coloured  pages/ 
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obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The 
to  tl 


The 

POS! 
Of  tl 

filmi 


Orig 

beg! 

the 

sion 

othe 

first 

sion 

or  ill 


The 
shal 
TIN! 
whi< 

Map 
diffe 
entii 
begi 
right 
requ 
metl 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

/ 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


lils 

lu 

difier 

me 

age 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

La  BibliothdHtie  de  la  Ville  de  Montreal 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  -eproduit  grflce  d  la 
gdndrositd  de: 

La  Biblioth^que  de  la  Ville  de  Montreal 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
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de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
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the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Lis  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
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dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
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originaux  sont  filmds  en  commen^ant  par  ia 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning   "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symbotes  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUiVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


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different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  r6duction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  ctich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n§cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iliustrent  la  m6thode. 


ata 


slure. 


1 


i2X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

/' 


rt/   / 


t 


Lock  of  1881.— Lower  Gates  Open. 


Lock  of  1881— Lower  Gates  Closed. 


Indian  Names 


AND 


HISTORY 


OF  THE 


Sjwii^fl'""' 


SaultSte. Marie  Canal 


BY 


DWIGHT  H.  KELTON,  A.  M., 

CAPTAIN    U.  S.  ARMY. 

Author  of  Annals  of  Fort  Mackinac,     Indian  Names  of  Places  Near  the 

Great  Lakes. 

Corresponding  Member  of  the  Wiscons  n  State  Historical  Society. 

Corresponding  Member  of  the  Chic  ,go  Historical  Society, 

Mem  er  of  the  American   Histok  ~al  Association, 

Member  of  the  American  Folk-Lo,  ■=;  Society. 


\  DETROIT,  M1<:M^ 

1889. 


^F 


Entered  according  to  Act  of   Congress,  in  the  year  .889,  by 

DWIGHT    H.    KELTON. 

in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


487645 


ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED. 


«  ••    >,*' 


PWUed  by 
Detroit  Fre6*Press  Printing  Co, 


•  •    »     • 


••*, 
."•-• 


'  -     '■        *  «  * «    .      (,       4      t  •      I       e 


!; 

■■'  1 

,  ;  { 

ii'1 

B  n 

.:°" 

^  ', 

SAULT  STE.  MARIE,  MICHIGAN. 

Latitude  46°  SO"  10"  North. 
Xtongitude  8 4°  -^4    West  of  Oreemoich. 


6 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 

Father  Dablon  named  the  misnion  established  by  him  at  tTie 
foot  of  the  rapids  ia  1668,  Sainte  Marie  du  Sault,  "  Saint  Mary's 
of  the  Rapids."  Saut,  is  the  modern  spelling;  '^Soo"  the  popu- 
lar pronunciation. 

From  the  word  Saut,  "  falls,"  or  "  rapids,"  the  Ojibwa  tribe 
obtained  its  French  name,  Sauteux.  At  first,  those  only  whose 
home  was  at  the  "  Soo  "  were  called  by  that  name ;  but  by  degrees 
it  passed  to  all  Indians  of  the  same  speech.  The  spelling 
"iSaw^ew/*,"  though  very  common,  is  wrong;  this  word  is  pro- 
nounced differently  and  denotes  "a  springer,"  or  "a  jumper." 

The  Indian  name  of  the  town  or  rapids  is  Bawiting,  from 
bawitig,  "rapids."  This  is  an  abbreviation  of  bawitigwet/a, 
"  the  river  is  beaten  into  spray."  (Some  Indians  pronounce  it 
bagwiting,  "  where  the  river  is  shallow.") 

The  Ojibwa  band  residing  at  the  Saut  were  called  Bawiti- 
gowinmiwag,  or  Bawiting-ddzhi-ininiwag,  "  Men  of  the  Rapids." 

The  Indians  have  no  general  name  for  St.  Mary's  River  ;  but 
have  for  the  lakes  into  which  it  expands.  The  mouth  of  the 
river  is  called  Oiwideoonaning,  "  where  they  sail  around  a 
point." 

Pawtucket,  Powatan,  Pawcatuck,  Pawtuxet  (Ojibwa  Bami- 
tigosing,  "  at  the  little  falls  "),  and  many  other  similar  names  in 
different  dialects,  are  of  the  same  root  as  bawitig,  and  denote  a 
fall  or  rapids.     The  root  is  baw,  "  to  scatter  by  striking." 


8AULT  STE.  MARIE  CANAL. 


Lake  Superior  is  602  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  only  water-way  between  Lake  Superior  and  the  lower 
lakes  ifl  the  Saint  Mary's  River,  which  flows  from  Lake  Superior 
at  its  eastern  extremity,  and  empties  into  Lak  Huron  37  miles 
east  of  Mackinac  Island.  The  channel  between  the  two  lakes 
is  about  75  miles  long,  and  was,  bofdro  improvement,  obstructed 
in  many  places,  but  especially  at  the  Rapids  of  Saint  Mary,  15 
miles  from  the  head  of  the  river.  In  their  natural  state  these 
rapids  formed  a  barrier  to  transportation  by  water,  and  made 
a  portaj^e  necessary. 

The  fall  of  the  river  from  Lake  Su|)erior  to  the  rapids  of  St 
Mary  is  one  tenth  of  a  foot;  in  the  half-mile  stretch  of  these 
rapids  the  fall  is  18  feet;  and  from  the  foot  of  the  rapids  to 
the  Lake  Huron  level,  which  is  reached  at  Mud  Lake,  35  miles 
below,  the  fall  is  2.3  feet. 

In  1837,  the  governor  of  the  newly  admitted  State  of  Mich- 
igan called  the  attention  of  the  State  legislature  to  the  advisabil- 
ity of  constructing  a  canal  around  the  rapids  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie, 
and  three  years  later  the  subject  was  brought  up  in  the  United 
States  Senate.  In  spite  of  violent  opposition  a  survey  was 
ordered,  which  was  made  V)y  officers  of  the  Topographical  Engi- 
neers, U.  S.  Army.  In  1852,  a  grant  of  750,000  acres  of  public 
land  was  made  to  the  State  of  Michigan,  from  the  proceeds  of 
which  the  canal  was  to  be  built. 

The  grant  was  attended  with  the  conditions  that  the  canal  bo 
at  least  100  feet  wide  and  12  feet  deep ;  the  locks  at  least  250 
feet  long  and  60  feet  wide  ;  that  work  be  begun  within  three 
years  and  finished  within  ten  ;  that  tolls  be  limited  to  the  amount 
necessary  to  keep  the  canal  in  repair,  after  the  expenses  of  con- 
struction had  been  paid ;  that  Government  vessels  be  free  of 
tolls ;  and  that  the  donated  land  should  not  be  sold  until  the 
location  had  been  established  and  filed. 

The  State  accepted  the  conditions  and  the  grant,  and  handed 
the  latter  over  to  a  private  company,  which  undertook  to  build 
the  canal  for  the  proceeds  of  the  land. 


BAULT  UT£.    MARIE  CANAL. 


OLD  CANAL  AND  LOCKS. 
(1855.) 

Ground  was  broken  for  tlio  work  on  Juno  4,  1853.  The  cer- 
titicato  of  its  completion  was  8i<;ned  by  the  conimisslonors  on 
May  21, 1855.  The  Hrst  boat,  the  steamer  Illinois,  Captain  Jack 
Wilson,  was  locked  throui^h  on  June  18,  1855. 

The  canal  was  5,400  feet  ion^r,  100  feet  wide,  and  12  feet  deep 
at  an  averat^e  sta<^o  of  water.  The  banks  iiad  a  slope  of  1  verti- 
cal to  2  horizontal,  and  were  revetted  with  stone  except  in  rock 
cuttings. 

The  locks  were  at  the  eastern  or  lower  end,  and  were  two 
in  number,  placed  one  in  immediate  prolongation  of  the  other. 
Each  lock  was  rectafigular  in  plan,  350  feet  long  by  70  feet 
wide  and  24  feet  8  inches  deep,  with  a  depth  of  llj  feet  of 
water  over  the  miter-sills,  and  a  lift  of  9  feet.  The  capacity  of 
each  lock  was  281,750  cubic  feet. 

The  walls  wore  of  cut  limestone  from  Mnrbleliead,  Ohio,  and 
Maiden,  Ontario,  backed  with  stone  from  Drummond's  Island, 
Saint  Mary's  River. 

Water  was  admitted  to  the  locks  through  openings  in  the 
leaves  of  the  upper  gates,  by  means  of  butterfly  valves.  The 
valves  were  worked  with  a  rack  and  pinion.  Seven  mimites 
were  required  to  lill  the  upper  lock-chamber,  and  fourteen  to 
Hll  the  lower.  The  volume  of  water  in  the  upper  lock  when 
filled  to  the  level  of  the  canal  above,  amounted  to  3,757,000 
gallons.  The  water  was  let  out  of  the  locks  by  means  of 
valves  in  the  lower  lock-gates.  Fourteen  minutes  were  required 
to  empty  each  lock-chamber.  Five  minutes  were  required  to 
open  or  close  the  lock-gates.  The  gates  were  operated  by  means 
of  a  boom,  worked  by  a  hand-capstan. 

The  dimensions  of  the  locks  permitted  the  passage  at  one 
time  of  a  tug  and  three  vessels  of  the  size  then  usual. 

There  was  a  guard-gate  of  the  ordinary  niitering  pattern  2,100 
feet  above  the  upper  lock-gates. 


r 


9 


8AULT   8TE.   MARIE  CANAL. 


The  original  onrvey  was  made  by  Capt.  Augustus  Canfield, 
Topographical  Engineers,  U.  S.  A. 

The  entire  cost  of  the  canal  was  $999,802.46. 

The  last  boat,  the  steam  tug  Annie  Clark,  Captain  Edward 
Martin,  was  locked  through  Nov.  2,  1886. 


te 


is 

ii 


CANAL  IMPROVEMENTS  AND  NEW  LOCK. 

(1881.) 

The  first  contract  for  the  improvement  of  tLe  canal,  which 
resulted  in  its  enlargement  and  the  building  of  the  lock  of  1881, 
was  dated  October  20,  1870;  the  first  stone  of  the  lock  (the 
largest  ship  canal  lock  in  the  world)  was  laid  July  25,  1876, 
and  the  first  boat,  the  steamer  City  of  Cleveland  (now  City  of 
Aipena),  Captain  Albert  Stewart,  locked  through  on  September 
1,  1881. 

The  length  of  the  canal  is  7,000  feet.  Its  width  is  variable. 
The  least  width  is  108  feet,  at  the  movable  dam.  The  depth 
of  water  is  16  feet.  Yesaels  are  protected  against  injury 
from  the  rocky  sidea  of  the  canal  by  a  revetment  of  pier 
work,  the  general  height  of  which  is  4  feet  above  mean  water 
level.  The  material  is  pine  timber  1  foot  square.  There  are 
12,000  linear  feet  of  wooden  piers,  and  3,100  linear  feet  of 
masonry  connected  with  the  canal. 


LOCK. 

Tlie  chamber  of  the  lock  is  515  feet  long  between  the  gates, 
80  feet  wide,  narrowed  to  60  feet  at  the  gates;  the  depth 
is  39^  feet.  Its  capacity  is  1,500,000  cubic  feet.  The  depth  of 
the  water  on  the  miter-sills  is  17  feet ;  the  lift  of  the  lock  is  18 
feet.  The  volume  of  water  in  the  lock  chamber  when  tilled  to 
the  level  of  the  canal  above,  amounts  to  9,888,000  gallons.     The 


E 


■l^ 


BAULT  BTE.   MARIE  CANAL. 


9 


•ills  are  placed  1  foot  below  canal  bottom,  so  as  to  be  protected 
from  injury  by  vessels.  A  guard  gate  is  placed  at  each  end  of 
the  chamber,  making  the  length  of  the  walls  717  feet. 

The  walls  are  of  limestone.  The  cut  stone  was  obtained  from 
Marblehead,  Ohio,  and  Kelley's  Island,  Lake  Erie. 

There  are  34,207  cubic  yards  of  masonry,  in  the  construction 
of  which  35,000  barrels  of  cement  were  nsed,  every  barrel  of 
which  was  tested  before  it  was  taken  on  the  wall. 

The  face  stone,  the  miter  and  breast  walls,  and  portions  of  the 
wall  adjacent  to  springs  of  water,  are  laid  in  English  Portland 
cement;  the  remainder  of  the  wall  is  laid  in  American  cement. 
The  cements  were  mixed  with  sand  in  the  proportion  of  1  to  1. 

The  foundation  is  on  rock  throughout,  a  Potsdam  sandstone 
of  different  degrees  of  hardness.  A  floor  of  timber  and  con- 
crete extends  across  the  bottom  of  the  lock  and  5  feet  under 
«ach  wall ;  the  rest  of  the  fonndation  of  the  wall  is  concrete  i 
to  2  feet  thick  on  the  rock.  All  the  timbers  used  in  the  foun- 
dation are  of  pine  1  foot  square.  They  are  laid  in  concrete 
and  fastened  to  the  rock  with  bolts  3  feet  long,  which  are  fox 
wedged  and  cemented  in  the  rock. 

The  miter-sills  aie  oak  timbers  12  by  18  inches,  and  fastened 
in  place  by  bolts  10  feet  long,  fox-wedged  and  concreted  in  the 
rock,  and  also  by  timber  braces  bolted  to  the  rock. 

The  estimated  capacity  of  the  lock  is  96  vessels  in  twcr*^y-four 
hours.  At  the  close  of  the  season  of  1887,  the  greatest  number 
of  vessels  ever  through  the  canal  in  one  day,  was  on  June  14, 
1887,  when  84  vessels  were  locked  through. 

The  original  plans  and  specifications  for  this  lock  were  pre- 
pared under  direction  of  Gen.  Orlando  M.  Poe,  U.  S.  A. 
Later,  they  were  somewhat  modified  under  direction  of  Gen. 
Godfrey  "W  eitzel,  TJ.  S.  A.  Mr.  Alfred  Noble,  was  the  Assistant 
Engineer  in  local  charge  of  the  work  from  beginning  to  end. 

The  total  cost  of  the  canal  enlargement  was  $2,150,000. 


IJPnifaM 


10 


8AULT  STE.   MARIE  CANAL. 


/  ,^ 


GATES. 

Two  minutes  are  required  to  open  or  close  the  lock-gates. 

There  are  four  gates,  designated  as  upper  and  lower  lock-gates? 
and  upper  and  lower  guard-gates.  The  frame  work  is  of  white 
oak  and  sheathing  of  Norway  pine.  The  weight  of  one  leaf  of 
tiie  upper  lock-gate  is  40  tons  and  of  one  leaf  of  the  lower  lock- 
gate  76  tons. 

The  guard-gates  are  only  used  when  repairs  are  being  made  to 
the  lock.  They  are  opened  and  closed  by  means  of  temporary 
block  and  tackle  operated  by  a  power  capstan.  I>oth  leaves  of 
the  upper  guard-gate  are  provided  with  valves,  with  which  to 
till  the  lock  after  it  has  been  pumped  out.  The  valves  are 
worked  with  a  hand  wrench  from  the  top  of  the  leaf.  Tlie  lock 
can  bo  tilled  through  these  valves  in  about  one  hour. 


I 


■sxm 


FILLING. 

Eleven  minutes  are  required  to  fill  the  lock. 

The  water  is  let  into  the  locks  from  two  culverts  nnder  the 
floor.  These  culverts  are  each  8  feet  square,  and  extend  from 
the  well  above  the  upper  lock-gate  to  the  well  al)0ve  the  lower 
lock-gate.  The  water  is  admitted  into  the  culverts  through  a 
well  which  is  covered  with  a  grating. 

The  covering  of  the  culverts  is  the  floor  of  the  lock.  TIio 
water  passes  into  the  lock  chaml)er  through  58  apertures  in  the 
lock  floor.  Each  aperture  has  an  area  of  3  square  feet ;  the  5S 
apertures  174  square  feet.  This  area  is  increased  to  190  pqnaie 
feet  by  the  man-holes  left  in  the  bulkhead  at  the  lower  end  of 
the  culverts. 

The  filling  valves  through  which  the  water  enters  the  culverts 
are  two  in  number,  and  are  located  in  the  well  just  above  the 
upper  lock-gate.  Each  valve,  when  shut,  closes  the  entrance  to 
one  of  the  culverts.  Each  valve  is  10  feet  wide  and  8  feet  (]cop. 
The  valves  are  made  with  horizontal  cast-iron  axles,  and  fraujes^ 
to  which  a  covering  of  boiler  iron  is  bolted. 


SAULT  8TE.   MARIE  CANAL. 


11 


EMPTYING. 

Eight  minutes  are  required  to  empty  the  lock. 

The  water  in  passing  out  of  the  lock  goes  down  through  a 
well  which  is  covered  with  a  grating,  thence  through  two  short 
culverts  and  up  through  a  well  below  the  lower  lock-gates. 

The  emptying  valves,  through  which  the  water  escapes  from 
the  lock,  are  two  in  number  and  are  located  in  the  well  just  above 
the  lower  lock-gate.  Their  construction  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
filling  valves,  just  described.  Each  culvert  is  complete  in  itself. 
If  an  accident  should  occur  to  one  culvert,  or  to  its  valves  or 
engines,  the  other  culvert  could  still  be  used. 


MACHINERY. 

The  power  is  obtained  from  two  30  inch  turbines.  The  com- 
puted effective  energy  of  the  two  wheels  combined  is  50  horse- 
power. Water  is  brought  to  them  througli  a  supply  pipe  from 
the  canal  above  the  lock.  Both  are  connected  by  spur  gearing 
to  the  main  shaft.  The  power  for  operating  the  different  parts 
of  the  machinery  is  taken  from  this  main  shaft  by  means  of  pul- 
leys and  belts  in  the  usual  manner.  Two  pumps  force  water 
into  an  accumulator  loaded  so  as  to  give  a  pressure  of  about  120 
pounds  to  the  square  inch.  Water  is  taken  from  the  accumulator 
to  the  engines  whicli  open  and  close  the  gates  and  valves.  Heavy 
West  Virginia  mineral  oil  is  used  in  the  cylinders  whenever  tlie 
temperature  is  so  low  that  water  would  be  likely  to  freeze. 
There  are  four  gate  engines,  one  for  each  leaf  of  the  upper  and 
lower  lock-gates,  and  four  valve  engines,  one  for  each  of  the 
filling  and  emptying  valves. 

The  machine  house  is  of  stone.  Theoe'is  a'cen£'.r,g:''6ur.dfloor, 
and  upper  floor.  The  main  shaft,  actnth'ulator.  piirapb,  *CiC.  Vre 
on  the  upper  floor ;  the  p*)n-stbck,  dynamo.  ',6ol-room,  etc.  ara 
located  on  the  ground  S.oor.  The  accumulator  pa?see  from  the 
cellar  up  through  the  upper  floor..,  „^   i  -vi  -^v  «  *  '(.^  j 

Tho  turbine  iron  supply  pipe  lied  on   the  south  side  of  the 


12 


SAULT  8TE.   MARIE  CANAL. 


lock.  The  inlet  is  45  feet  above  the  upper  guard-gates  and 
7  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  is  covered  with  an 
iron  grating.  It  has  a  cut-off  valve  9  feet  from  the  inlet.  Its 
interior  diameter  is  36  inches. 

Tiie  pump  for  emptying  the  lock  is  in  the  cellar  of  the 
machine  house.  It  is  a  centrifugal,  run  by  a  belt  from  the  main 
shaft.  It  is  about  8  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  water. 
When  the  water  is  to  be  pumped  out  of  the  lock,  the  guard- 
gates  above  and  below  it  are  closed.  Seventeen  hours  are 
required  to  empty  the  lock  with  the  pump. 

The  dynamo  for  the  electric  lights,  used  in  lighting  the  locks, 
is  a  ten-arc-light  r  ichine  of  the  "Brush"  patent.  It  is  run  by  a 
belt  from  the  main  shaft.     The  force  required  is  eight  horse-power. 

The  power  capstan  is  on  the  lock  wall  near  the  machine  house. 
It  is  run  by  belts  from  the  main  shaft.  The  capstan  is  used  for 
warping  vessels  into  and  out  of  the  lock.  A  system  of  lines  and 
snatch-blocks  extends  around  the  lock,  so  that  vessels  can  be 
warped  in  from  either  end  and  to  either  side. 

The  movable  dam  is  about  3,000  feet  from  the  lock,  and  is 
designed  to  check  the  flow  of  water  so  that  the  upper  guard- 
gates  can  be  closed  in  case  the  lock-gates  are  accidentally  carried 
away.  It  consists  of  an  ordinary  swing-bridge,  one  end  of 
which  can  be  swung  across  the  canal.  A  series  of  wickets  are 
suspended  side  by  side  from  a  horizontal  truss  hung  beneath 
the  bridge,  and  abutting,  at  either  end  (when  the  bridge  is 
closed),  against  heavy  buffers  securely  anchored  to  the  masonry. 
One  end  of  each  vicket  can  be  let  down  until  it  rests  against 
a  sill  in  the  bottom  of  the  canal.  When  the  wickets  are  all 
down  they  form  a  vertical  bulkhead  or  dam.  The  wickets  are 
23  in  number  ;,eapj\  wicket  is  supported  in  an  iron  frame. 

The  bottom  'df  the  fcanal.'  under  the  movable  dam  is  covered 

<' ',  with  a'nobr.     The  de.aa  weiglri  ofr.the  truss  due  to  the  wickets 

,  and  frames  is  l-QCfo'twunds  per  VtfnRW  foot.     This  is  counter- 


jwunds  per  Vtfnn'fqg 
,at  the  opposite. -'e 
V^4t9r<a^;k'inst  the  wickets,  is  3,400  pounds 


poised 'by  bricjc  -work  , at  the  opposite'.-'end  of  the  truss.      The 
lateral  pf^ss«r»j, of  the  V^4ter<a>i;k'inst  the 
per  running  foot. 


\  \ 


8AULT  8TE.   MARIE  CANAL. 


13 


The  canal,  upon  which  the  General  Government  had  spent 
large  sums,  was  still  in  the  possession  of  the  State  of  Michigan. 
Congress  on  June  14,  1880,  authorized  the  Secretary  of  War  to 
receive  the  canal  from  the  State  of  Michigan.  The  transfer  was 
made  June  6,  1881.  Since  that  time  the  canal  has  been  in  the 
possession  of  the  General  Government,  and  all  vessels  have  been 
passed  through  free  of  toll. 


The  chamber  of  the  lock  now  building  on  the  site  of  the  two 
old  locks  of  1855,  will  be  800  feet  long  between  the  gates,  100 
feet  wide  and  43^  feet  deep.  Its  capacity  will  be  .'>,440,000  cubic 
feet.  The  depth  of  water  on  the  miter-sills  will  be  21  feet,  and 
the  lift  of  the  lock  18  feet.  The  volume  of  water  in  the  lock 
chamber  when  filled  to  the  level  of  the  canal  above,  will  be 
23,338,000  gallons.  The  estimated  capacity  of  the  lock  is  four 
vessels,  each  350  feet  long  and  46  feet  wide,  at  one  lockage. 

The  canal  will  be  deepened  to  a  navigable  depth  of  20  feet. 

The  estimated  cost  of  the  lock  and  enlarged  canal  is  $4,740,000. 
Work  was  begun  in  the  Spring  of  1887.  Gen.  Orlando  M.  Poe, 
U.  S.  Army,  is  the  Engineer  in  charge  of  the  improvements. 


There  are  now  engaged  in  the  commerce  of  the  lakes  nearly 
2,000  American  vessels.  They  represent  an  investment  of 
$50,000,000  capital.  Some  of  these  vessels  are  of  sufficient 
capacity  to  carry  at  a  single  trip  the  grain  that  would  load  five 
freight  trains  of  thirty  cars  each,  with  over  600  bushels  per  car. 
The  entire  wheat  crop  of  a  4,000  acre  Dakota  wheat-farm  went 
throngh  the  canal  on  one  of  these  great  can-iers. 


u 


statement  of  the  Commeroe  tlirough  Saint  Mary's  FaUsI 


Canal  i 


m 


M^ki 


Year. 


18SS 
1856 
1857 
1858 
1859 
1880 
1661 
1868 
1863 
1861 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1873 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 

ias-3 

18a3 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 


Sailing 

vessels. 


Steam- 
ers. 


(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
1,045 
602 
555 
839 
817 
939 
1,397 
1,064 
1,213 
1,649 
833 
569 
684 
1,401 
1,091 
1,403 
1,718 
1,706 
1,663 
1,458 
1,709 
1,689 
2,534 
3,562 


(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

fa) 

(a) 
366 
395 
453 
466 
a'JS 
399 
431 
573 
793 
908 
90  i 

1,404 

1,733 

1,050 

1,476 

1,618 

1,735 
2,117 
2,739 

2,630 
3,609 
3,354 
4,584 
6,968 


•^   CO 

P 


(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(1)) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
(b) 
100 
50 
181 
372 
2;37 
371 
a37 
306 
835 


51 


(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
1,411 
997 
1,008 
1,305 
1,155 
1,338 
1,888 
1,637 
2,004 
2,517 
1,734 
2,0a3 
2,417 
2,4.51 
2,567 
3,121 
3,503 
4,004 
4,774 
4,315 
5,689 
5,380 
7,424 
9,835 


(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(e) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(e) 

(c) 

(c) 

(e) 

(o) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(f) 

(c) 

(e) 

(c) 

8,120 

2  572 

2,.a5i 

3,074 
2,803 
3,593 
4,103 


TONNAGE. 


Regis- 
tered. 


106,296 
101,458 
180,820 
819,819 
332,642 
403,6.57 
276,639 
359,612 
507,434 
571,438 
409,062 
4,')8,530 
556,899 
433,563 
534,885 
690,826 
752,101 
914,735 
1,201,446 
1,070,857 
1,269,534 
1,541,670 
1,439,216 
1,667,136 
1,677,071 
1,734,890 
2,092,757 
2,-4C8,08f? 
2,043,259 
2,997,a37 
3,035, 9!7 
4,219,397 
4,897,593 


H 


Actual 
Freight. 


(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(e) 

(o) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 

(c) 
(c) 
(c) 
1,567,741 
2,029,531 
2,207,105 
2,874,667 
3,256,033 
4,537,759 
5,494,049 


Passen- 
gers. 


4,270 
4,674 
6,650 
0,230 


8,810 

8,468 

18,281 

16,985 

19,777 

14,007 

15,»0 

10,590 

17,057 

17,163 

15, 859 

25,830 

30,966 

22,958 

19,685 

30,286 

21,800 

20,394 

18,979 

25,700 

24,671 

29,256 

39,1.30 

54,214 

30,147 

37,088 

32,068 


Coal. 


Flour. 


Tons. 

Barrels. 

1,414 

10,289 

3,968 

17,686 

5,278 

16,560 

4,118 

13,782 

8,884 

39,469 

60,250 

11,507 

22,743 

11,846 

17,291 

7,805 

81,975 

11,282 

33.937 

84,985 

19,915 

33,603 

22,927 

28,346 

26,814 

27,372 

27,850 

32,007 

15,952 

33,548 

46,798 

26,060 

80,815 

136,411 

96,780 

172,692 

61,123 

179,855 

101,260 

309,991 

124,734 

315,224 

91,575 

355,117 

91,856 

344,599 

.  110,704 

451,000 

170,501 

533,860 

295,647 

005,453 

430, 184 

344,044 

714,444 

687,031 

706,379 

1,218,243 

891,991 

1,440,003 

r 009, 999 

1,759,365 

1,358,987 

1,672,735 

WhMt. 


ButheUl 
(e) 

(e) 

(e) 

(e) 

(«) 

(e) 

(e) 

(«) 
(e) 
(e) 
(e) 

(e)   ; 

(e) 

(o) 
(e) 

49,70 

1,378,70 

507, 13 

2,119,!iB 

1,120,01 

1,213,7-5 

1,971,51 

1,349,7- 

1,87^,11! 

2,003,0. 

2,105,i«j 

3,450, £ 

3,728,8 

5,900, 4| 

11,985,7* 

15,274,a;| 

18,991,4S 

23,096,5!* 


Year. 

Or 

othe 
Wl 

Bu 

1855 

.... 

1856 

1887 

1858 

1859 

I860 

1 

1H61 

1862 

863 

661 

1 

B65 

... 

■66 

8 

r 

3 
o 

14  I 


(a)  No  record  kept  until  1864. 

(b)  No  record  Icept  until  1879. 

(c)  No  record  Icept  until  June,  1881. 


ary'B  Fallal 


Canal  for  each  calendar  year  from  its  opening  in  1866. 


16 


rrels. 

10,289 


lYear. 


Wheat. 


BuMheUl 
(e) 


17,086 

(e) 

I6,5(i0 

(e) 

13,782 

(e) 

39,459 

(e) 

50,250 

(e) 

22,743 

(e) 

17,291 

(e) 

81,975 

(e) 

33,937 

(e) 

34,985 

(e) 

33,603 

(e)     1 

28,345 

(e)     ! 

27,372 

(0)       . 

32,007 

(e)     i 

33,548 

49,70i 

26,060 

1,376,7a 

136,411 

667,13 

172,693 

2,119,>w 

179,855 

1,120,0: 

309,991 

1,213,: 

515,224 

1,971,5; 

355,117 

l,349,;i 

344,599 

1,872,94 

151,000 

2,603,  OS 

523,860 

2,105,95 

303,453 

3,450, 9C 

314,014 

3,728,85 

BS7,C31 

5,900,4: 

218,243 

11,985,7« 

140,0!)3 

15,274,21 

759,365 

18,991,48^ 

572,735 

23,096,5a 

1855 
1856 

[1857 
|l858 
|l859 
|l860 
IMOI 
1802 
33 
SI 
65 
66 
67 


?3 

fii 
187.1 
1871) 

i  i 

78 
79 

Bl 


Grain- 
other  than 
Wheat. 


Manufac- 
tured and 
Pig  Iron. 


Btuhela. 

33,908 
22,300 
10,500 
71,738 

133,437 
76,880 
59,062 
78,480 

143,560 

229.986 
249,031 
285,123 
323,501 
804,077 
308,823 
445,774 
309,645 
149,999 
850,080 
■107,772 
343,543 
264,674 
951,496 
2,547,106 
367,838 
473,129 
776.553 
517,103 
422,981 
715,373 
775, 166 


Tons. 
1,040 

781 

1,325 

2,597 

6,504 

4, 194 

6,438 

6,681 

7,648 

7,346 

13,235 

20,602 

22,785 

23,851 

42,959 

54,984 

86,194 

44,920 

31,741 

54,381 

64,091 

39,971 

14,833 

39,218 

48,791 

87,830 

92,870 

109,910 

72,428 

60,843 

115,808 

74,919 


Salt. 


Copper 


Kiirrela. 
587 

464 
1,600 

950 
2,787 


3,014 

3,477 

1,506 

1,776 

3,175 

4,454 

5.816 

4,624 

5,910 

11,089 

36, 199 

43,690 

29,335 

42,231 

4-3,989 

46.000 

03, 188 

03,533 

93,2»."i 

77,9-6 

63,897 

176,612 

70.898 

144,804 

136, 335 

138,677 

204,908 


Tons. 
3,106 

6,727 

6,760 

6,744 

7,817 

9,000 

7,646 

6,881 

1,044 

5,381 

9,935 

9,660 

10,685 

12,222 

18,662 

11,301 

14,562 

14,691 

15,927 

15. 346 

18,396 

33,756 

16,767 

32,529 

23,309 

31,753 

39,488 

23,409 

31,034 

36,003 

31,937 

38,627 

34,886 


Iron  Ore. 


Tons. 

1,447 

11,697 

36,184 

31,035 

65,769 

120,000 

44,836 

118,014 

181,567 

813,7.53 

147,459 

152,102 

222,861 

191,939 

239,308 

409,850 

.327,461 

383,105 

604,121 

437,658 

493, 408 

609,753 

568,082 

655,750 

540,075 

677,073 

748,131 

987,060 

791,732 

1,136,071 

1,335,138 

2,087,809 

8.497,713 


Lumber. 
B   M. 


Feet. 
130,000 

.396,000 

672,000 

186,000 


394,000 

196,000 

1,411,000 

i, 001,000 

882,000 

144,000 

390,000 

1,119,000 

1,260,000 

722,000 

1,072,000 

l,t44,000 

1,162,000 

638,000 

.3,. 3111, 000 

17,701,000 

4,143,000 

24,119,000 

35,598,000 

44, .539,000 

58,877,000 

82,783,000 

87,131,000 

133,359,000 

137,984.000 

138,088,000 

165,238,000 


of 
a>3 


Tons. 

(d) 

(d) 
(d) 
(d) 
(d) 
(d) 
(d) 
(d) 
(d) 
(d) 
(d) 
(d) 
(d) 
(d) 
(d) 
92 
464 
306 
580 
443 
847 
985 
987 
050 
324 
66 

22 

814 
9,731 
3,669 
2,009 

330 


Building 
Stone. 

Date  of 
Opening. 

Tons. 

(e) 

June  18 

(e) 

May     4 

(e) 

May    9 

(e) 

Apr.  18 

(e) 

May     3 

(e) 

May   11 

(e) 

May     3 

(e) 

Apr.  27 

(e) 

Apr.  28 

(e) 

May    2 

(e) 

May     1 

(e) 

May    6 

(e) 

May    4 

(e) 

May     2 

(J) 

May     4 

2,917 

Apr.  29 

5,288 

May     8 

5,218 

May  11 

2,218 

May     5 

401 

May   13 

2,978 

May   13 

3,102 

May     8 

8,506 

May    2 

3,7.34 

Apr.    8 

2,236 

May    8 

3,283 

Apr.  33 

1,400 

May     7 

6,428 

Apr.  81 

2,406 

May     2 

6,017 

Apr.  23 

8,189 

May     6 

9,449 

Apr.  83 

1.3,401 

May     1 

Date  of 
Closing. 


Nov  23 
Nov.  38 
Nov.  30 
Nov.  89 
Nov.  88 
Nov.  26 
Nov.  14 
Nov.  37 
Nov.  84 
Dec.  4 
Dec.  3 
Dec.  8 
Dec.  8 
Dec.  3 
Nov.  29 
Dec.  1 
Nov.  29 
Not.  26 
Nov.  18 
Dec.  8 
Dec.  8 
Nov.  86 
Nov.  30 
Dec.  8 
Dee.  3 
Nov.  15 
Dec.  5 
Dec.  3 
Dec.  11 
Dec.  10 
Dec.  2 
Doc.  4 
Dec.     2 


(d)  None  Hbipped  from  Lake  Superior  until  1867. 

(e)  None  shipped  from  Lake  Superior  until  1870. 


16 


Statement  of  the  Commerce  through  Saint  Mary's  Falls  Canall 


P 

t 

t 

TONNAGE. 

] 

Sailing 
TeBsela. 

8te  am- 
en. 

Sj 

P 

Pasien- 
gera. 

Coal. 

Flour. 

Wheat 

G 

Year. 

Regis- 
tered. 

Actual 
Freight. 

ar   otl 

Tons. 

Barrels. 

Bushe 

B 

1888 

1,663 

a,  739 

878 

4,774 

9,579 

9,468,088 

2,029,691 

99,956 

430.184 

844,044 

8,728,8 

38 

1888 

l,4ftH 

3.6S0 

287 

4,316 

9,851 

9,  MS,  269 

2,267,106 

39,180 

714,444 

687,081 

6,900,4 

88! 

1884 

1,700 

3,809 

371 

5,689 

8,074 

9,997.837 

2,874,657 

64,914 

706,379 

1,948,248 

11.085,: 

84  1 

I 

1885 

1,689 

3,354 

837 

5,380 

9,868 

8,086,937 

3,266,698 

86,147 

894,091 

1,440,008 

16,274,2 

1888 

8,RS4 

4,684 

306 

7,494 

3,698 

4,219,897 

4,627,769 

27.088 

1,009,999 

1,769,365 

18,991,4 

» 

1887 

S,86a 

5,968 

825 

9,856 

4,166 

4,897,598 

5,494,619 

88,668 

1,859,987 

1,679,735 

23,096,! 

7 

1888 

9,009 

5,806 

489 

7,808 

8,845 

6,180,660 

6,411,493 

96,668 

9,106,041 

2,190,786 

18,69«,] 

8      2.( 

"Wd 


livmr^-i 


Movable  Dam.— Closed. 


'8  Falls  CanalBi'  each  calendar  year  from  its  opening  in  1866.— Continutd. 


17 


Flour. 

Wbeat      ar 

Qrain— 

other  than 

Wheat. 

1 

Manufac-I 

turedand, 

Pig  Iron 

1 

1 

Salt. 

Copper  Iron  Ore. 

•  1 

Lumber. 

B.  M.       i 

1 
1 
1 

Silver  Ore 
and  Bullion. 

1         ; 

Building '  Date  of  j  Dat«  of 
Htone.     Opening.  1  Closing. 

1 

Parrels. 

Btuhe 

BuaheU. 

Tons.     1 

Barrels. 

Tons.        Tons. 

F>et.        j 

Tuns. 

Tons.                    ' 

344,044 

a,728,K      82 

478.129 

9r    u  1 

1 

178,612 

25,409        987,060 

82,788,000  ' 

'                 1 

22 

5,428     Apr.  21  ^  Dec.     8 

887,081 

6,900,4      88 

776,562 

109,910  ; 

70,898 

81,024        791,732 

87,181,000  { 

814 

8,406    May    3  |  Dec.   11 

1,248,248 

11,988,7      84 

617,103 

72,428  1 

1 

144,804 

86,083     1,136,071 

122,889,000  ; 

9.731 

6,047     Apr.  28  |  Dec.   10 

1,440,098 

i6,2^4,i    m 

422.981 

60,84a  1 

1.38,  .388 

31,927     1,235.132 

127,084,000 

3,680 

8.189  1  May     6  |  Dec.     2 

1,769,365 

18,981,4      » 

715,378 

115,208 

158,677 

38,827  .  2,087,809 

138,688,000 

2,009 

9,449  !  Apr.  36  {  Dec.     4 

1,672,785 

23, 096,  J 

775,186 

74,919 

204,908 

84,886     2,4117.713 

165,226,000 

850 

13,401     May     1  {  Dec.     2 

2,190,726 

18,59<,] 

2,022,808 

63,703 

210,488 

28,960     2,570,517 

240,872,000 

3,385 

88,541  1  May    7    Dec.     4 

INDIAN     NAMES. 


/ 

"Yo  8uy,  tboy  all  liavo  passed  iiwuy, 

That  noble  nice  and  brave, 
That  their  light  canoes  have  vanished 

From  off  the  crested  wave; 
That  'mid  the  forests  where  they  roamed 

There  rings  uo  hunter's  shout; 
But  tlicir  name  is  on  your  waters, 

Ye  may  not  wash  them  out." 

Tlio  particular  locality  to  which  the  Indian  name  properly 
belongs  (althou<ijli  the  same  geographical  name  may  be  found 
elsewhere)  is  in  parenthesis  following  the  geographical  name. 

In  very  rare  instances  only,  have  the  Indians  ever  adopted 
the  European  name  given  to  a  place. 

Unless  otherwise  noted,  the  Indian  words  are  in  the  Ojibwa 
(Chippewa)  tongue,  one  of  the  best  preserved  and  most  widely 
known  among  the  dialects  of  the  great  Algonkin  family  of 
languages. 

The  orthography  of  Bishop  Baraga  lias  not  been  followed 
in  every  particular; — the  following  changes  have  been  made: — 
oA,  y,   s/t,   (is,   es,   is,   as,   are    used    in    place    of    tch,    dj,  J 
mis,  ens,  ins,  ons,  respectively;  —  between  vowels,   y   is  used 
in  place  of  *'. 

For  the  pronunciation  of  vowels,  consonants, — the  formation 
and  terminology  of  words, — t'.»e  use  of  short  dashes,  et  cetera, 
et  cetera,  in  the  Chippewa  and  other  Algic  dialects, — see  Yol.  I, 
of  Kelton's  "  Indian  Names  of  Places  Near  the  Great  Lakes." 

In  addition  to  the  usual  abbreviations  of  the  names  of 
states  and  territories,  the  following  are  used : 

Co County. 

L.  II.       .  - .• Lake  Huron. 

L.    S Lake  Superior 

L.  M . Lake  Michigan. 

S.  of  M Straits  of  Mackinac. 

U.  P.  Mich Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan. 

L.   P.  Mich Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan. 


INDIAN  NAMES. 


19 


"Ye  say,  their  cone -like  cabins, 

That  clustered  o'er  the  vale, 
Tlaro  fled  away  like  withered  learet 

Before  the  autumn  gale: 
But  their  memory  llvuth  on  your  hills 

Their  baptism  on  your  shore, 
Your  everlasting  rivers  speak 

Their  dialect  of  yore  " 


jroperly 
found 
il  name, 
adopted 

Ojibwa 

(t  widely 
amily  of 

followed 
made : — 

I,    '-?/»   J 
t   is  used 

formation 

et  cetera, 

ee  Vol.  1, 

it  Lakes." 

names    of 

County, 
kc  Huron. 
Superior. 
Michigan. 
Mackinac. 
Michigan. 
Michigan. 


Agamenticus.  Akominitigds,  "little  snako  island." 
Delaware  ac/ujook,  ako-,  "  a  snake ; "  miniiigds,  "  a  small 
island."  Explained  by  the  Oiibwa  dialect,  achgook  would 
seem  to  be  ''  the  clinging  one ;  from  akwako-^  "  sticking  to 
something." 

Alder  Point.  (Portage  Lake,  Houghton  Co.,  Mich.) 
Nedopikan,  "the  point  where  thtjre  is  an  alder  forest." 
Ne-,  "a  point;"  wadop,  "  alder -tree ;"  ak%  "land;" 
wadoj)iki,  "an  alder  forest;"  -an,  the  substantive  ending; 
in  the  locative   case,   Nedopikang. 

America.  Mlnias,  "island;"  or  Kichiwhiiaa,  "big 
island."     The   Indians   generally   say 


mandan   viiniaa,    "  this 


island."  There  seems  to  be  a  dim  recollection,  if  not  an  old 
tradition,  among  many  tribes,  that  their  remote  ancestry 
reached  this  country  by  water. 

Au  Train  River.  (U.  P.  Mich.)  French  La 
Riviere  au  Train,  "  the  river  of  bustle  and  noise, "  or 
"  the  troublesome  river. "  So  called  on  account  of  the 
excitement  and  trouble  connected  with  lis  navigation,  and 
with  the  transportation  of  canoes  and  freight  over  the 
portage,  in  passing  by  this  and  White  Fish  River,  from 
Lake   Superior   to   Lake   Michigan,    and   vice  versa. 

The  Ojibwa  name  is  Maddhing,  "where  they  descend 
to  the  shore."  Cree  mattapiw,  "he  changes  position," 
"  he  removes. " 

Bad  River.      (L.  P.,   Mich.)      Machisibi,  "bad  river." 

Bark  Point.      (Bayfield  Co.,  Wis.)  Newlgwdssikang, 

"at  the  point  where  birch -trees  grow."  Ne-, 
^wigwass,  "  birch ; "  wigwassika,  "  there  are 
; there;"   -ng,   a  locative   affix 


a   point;" 
birch -trees 


Wigwass,    also    means    "birch 


bark;" 


hence,    the    ten  n 


imight  be  rendered  "at  the  point  where  birch- bark  is  found" 

Basswood  Island.      (One   of    the   Apostle    Islands, 
L.    S.)     Wigobiminha,   "  bass  -  wood  island. " 


so 


INDIAN  NAMES. 


Bay n eld  Village.  (Rayfield  Co.,  Wis.)  OshUodena, 
♦•now  town."  So  called  on  account  of  having  been  scttlod 
later  than  the  neighboring  village  of  La  Pointe. 

Bear  Island.  (One  of  tho  Apostle  Islands,  L.  S.) 
Makovuniaa,  "  bear  island,  "       Makwd,  "  a  bear.  " 

Beer.      Z/uufjohabo,  "sprnco- water."     Tho  first  kind  of 
beer    tho    Indians    on    the    Upper    Lakes 
with,  was  tho  Canadian  spruce -beer. 

Brakeman.      Mngwahwaigh  winini, 
who  is  pressing  {maffwaifje)  a  bur  (-aA;)." 

An  example  of  incapsulation. 

Burnt  Wood  River.  (Wis.,  L.  S.)  French  Bot» 
Brulii   liiver ;    Ojibwa,    Wissdkodeaibi,    "burnt -wood    river.' 

Canada.  Monyd,  a  corruption  of  ''Montreal."  A" 
Indian  synecdoche, — tliu  part  for  the  whole. 


became    acquainted 


u 


a    man 


"Canada -man. 


Tl 


10  same 


e.,  one  fresii  from  Canada, 


Th 


Canadian.'   Monydwin ini, 
word  also  means,  "greenhorn;"  i, 

and     still    unac(|uainled    with    Indian     life,    ways,     etc.       i  no 
Crees   use    Wemisiikozhi,  "  Frcnchnian,"   in  the  same  sense. 

Carp  River.  (Marquette  Co.,  Mich.)  Kichiname- 
binislbi,  "big  carp- river.  "  luttnehin^  "a  sucker,"  (a  species 
of  the  carp).  Carp  liiver,  was  also  the  first  name  of  the 
village  (now  city)  of    Marquette. 

Tliero  are  many  small  rivers  of  a  like  name,  in  the  vicinity 
of   tho  Great  Lakes. 

Chillicothe.  Klrhlnihathe,  "big  wild  goose."  Tho 
name  of  one  of  the  divisions  of  tho  Sliawnee  tribe.  The  M, 
which  is  found  in  some  Indian  words,  as  written  by  persons 
of  English  speech,  has  generally  an  ijitermediatc  sound 
between  a  and  soft  th,  or  zh.     Ojibwa  nika,  ''  a  wild  goose." 

Chinaman.  Wesawazherl,  "yellow -skinned."  It  is  the 
participle  of  osawazhe,  "  he  has  a  yellow  skin."  Osawa, 
"yellow;"  ^azhe,    "his  skin    is  thus." 

Chocolate.      Mishoalo,  "red  liquid." 

Cloche  Island.  (Ontario,  L.  IT.)  French  Tale  d  la 
Cloclie,  "bell  island."  The  Ojibwa  name  is  Anain  Madwe- 
weff,  "sounding  stone,"  or  "where  the  stone  sounds." 

It  is  said  that  by  striking  (!ertain  ]>l!)ce8  on  the  rocky 
shore  with  a  stone,  a  metallic  sound  is  produced. 

Coffee.  MaTcatemaahkikiwabo,  "black  medicine -water." 
Where  coffee  has  become  a  beverage  of  ordinary  use,  the 
Ojibwa  call  it  kjpi,  or,  if  they  can,  kafi.  (They  pronounced 
the  name  of  the  late  President  Garfield,  —  Gapi.) 


INDIAN  NAMES. 


21 


rocky 


Conductor.  (R.  Tl.)  Nndaninaiganiwinini^  "ticket 
(muftmaujan)  gathering  {nod-)  imin  {ininiy 

Des  Moines  River.  (Iowa.)  French  Za  liiviere 
des  Moines,  "  llivcr  of  the  Molnyioenay  Tho  Indians  of 
this  naino  formed  one  of  tjjo  divisioiiR  of  tlio  Illinois  tribo. 
Mowlnywe,  "dirty  face."  J/«,  "dirt"  (excrements);  -ingwef 
'•  he  has  such  a  faoo." 

The  ending  -tid,  is  peculiar  to  tlio  Illinois  dialect. 

Detour.  ((/hippewa  Co.,  Mich.)  French,  "turning 
point.  "  The  Ojibwa  name  for  tho  locality  is  Giwideo6nan,y 
"a  channel  where  tliey  turn,  sailing."  (frwidcumo,  "he 
goes  around  a  point  by  water;"  -onati,  "a  boat  channel." 

Drummond  Island.  (St.  Mary's  Eiver,  Midiigan.) 
PotiganUNiny,      "  mortar -sluiped. "  From      tho      olmoieto 

potiyan,  (now  hodnyan,)  "a  mortar,"  "a  pot;"  and  issin, 
"it  lies  thus."  Uho  term  refers  tp  a  largo  bay  on  the 
north- western  side  of  the  island. 

Eagle  River  (Keweenaw  Co.,  Mich.)  Migishoisibi. 
Migisi,  "eagle;"  xihl^  "river."  The  ancient  form  miyiaiw,  is 
used  in  compounds,  and  /  is  inserted  for  tho  sake  of  euphony. 

Entry.  (Tlie  month  of  Portage  River,  Keweenaw  Co., 
Mich.)  Sdginy,  "at  the  mouth."  This  is  a  common  name, 
and  the  locative  case  of  sayl,  "the  mouth  of  a  river;"  from 
the  root  tiay-,  "coming  foi'th."     (See  iSauyaluck.) 

European.  Kichiagaming  xoenjildd,  "one  wlio  comes 
frotn    the   great    other   side."    ■ 

Fence   River.      (Marquette  Co.,  Mich.)     Michilranisihi, 
"fence  river,"  or  "fish  weir  river."     Michikan,  "an  enclosure." 
The  name   of  Lake  Michigan  lias   been  erroneously  derived 
froni  this  word. 

Fond  du  Lac.  (Minn.)  French,  "head  of  the  lake." 
Tlie  Ojibwa  name  is  JSaydjiwanany,  "where  tho  current  is 
stopped."  Naya-,  "stopping;"  -ijiwan,  "the  water  flows;" 
-a7iq,  a  locative  affix. 

The  current  of  the  Sr.  Louis  Ttiver  is  arrested  below  the 
rapids  near  Fo7id  du  Lac,  the  lake  water  backing  up  thus 
far,  especially  when  strong  north  -  tiasters  are  blowing. 

J^auyatuok,  (Conn.)  has  the  same  meaning.  The  Ottawa 
equivalent  would  be  nayitayi  Menominee  nayita. 

German.  Animd;  Dechiman;  r\\s,o  Meyagtoed.  Anima, 
from  the  Frencli  Al/emand.  Dechiman^  from  Dutchman. 
2J('yaywed,  "  one  who  speaks  a  strange  language ; "  i.  e. 
different  from  French  or  English,  with  which  the  Indiana 
became  acquainted   at  an  earlier  period. 


:ll 
ill 


^  INDIAN  NAMES. 

~-  G  r  a  n  d  R  i  V  e  r .     (L.  P.,  Mich.)      KiehisiU,  "  big  river." 

Grand  Traverse  Bay.  (L.  M.)  Kichiwikwed,  "big 
bay;"    generally  used    in   the   locative   case,  Kichiwikwedong. 

Grassy  Point.  (St.  Mary's  River,  Mich.)  Newissaga- 
kokang,  "ash  point."  Ne-,  "turnin^r,"  "point;"  wissagak, 
<'an  ash-tree;"  {toissag-,  "strong  flavored,"  "bitter;"  -ak, 
"tree;")  -oka,  "they  abound    there;"  -ng,  participial   ending. 

Gratiot  Lake.  (Keweenaw  Co.,  Mich.)  Kechigami- 
washkokag,  "where  rushes  abound."  Kichigamiwashk,  "a 
rush;"  etyinologically  "great  lake  gniss;"  -oka,  "there  is 
much  of  it."  The  change  of  i  into  e  in  t.ie  tirst  syllable, 
and  the  final  g,  form  the  participle  of  Kichhjmniwaahkokay 
"rushes  abound  there." 

Green  Bay.  (Wis.,  L.  M.)  Bojwikwed,  "deep  bay;'* 
from  hoj- (bod-,  pack,  hoH-\  "penetrating,"  " entering  deeply ;" 
and  wikwed,  "  a  bay." 

Gull  Island.       (Mich.,    L.    M.)      Nadawdning, 
they  gather  uggs."     Nad-,    "to  fetch,"    "to  gather;" 


"an    egg;"    -ing,    a    locative    affix.       The    island    is 


"  where 
wawan, 
a    great 
hatching  place  for  gulls. 

Gull  Island.  (One  of  the  Apostle  Islands,  L.  S.) 
Gaydshkominlss.  "gull  island."  Gayashk,  "a  gull;"  origi- 
nally "a  scraper." 

Harbor  Island.  (St.  Mary's  River,  Mich.)  Bchhh)- 
gdgdzhioshkdzhminisx,  "horse-hoof  island."  Thus  the  Iniiijins 
translate  Horseshoe  Island,  the  po?iuliir  English  name  of  the 
island.  Formerly,  they  called  it  Behezhigogdzhiminus,  "  Horse 
Island,"  because  the  early  settlers  on  the  neighboring  Cana- 
dian shore  used  it  as  a  summer  pasture  for  their  horses.  This 
circumstance  being  unknown  to  later  comers  (the  Mormons 
on  Druramond's  Island),  they  changed  the  name  to  "  Horse 
shoe  Island,"  being  under  the  impression  that  the  term 
"Horse  Island"  referred  to  the  configuration  of  its  harbor. 

Harbor  Springs.  (Emmet  Co.,  Mich.)  Wikwedos- 
ing,  "at  the  little  bay;"  Ottawa  Wikwedoing,  "atthebsiy;" 
from  wikwed,  "a  bay."  Earlier  names  of  the  village,  which 
was  settled  by  the  Ottawas  about  1827,  were  New  JOArhte 
Croche  and  Little  Traverse. 

We -que -ton -sing,  a  summer  resort   a  short  distance  from 
Harbor  Springs,  is  the  anglicized  form  of    Wikwedosing. 

Hardwood  Island.  (One  of  the  Apostle  Islands, 
L.  S.)  Oamdnandsika,  "where  dogwood  abounds."  Ifanan 
or  in  the  diminutive  form  manands,  "a  Cornell  -  cherry  (dog, 


i 


INDIAN  NAMES. 


28 


river. 

^,  "big 
wedong. 

cissaga- 

issayak, 

;"   -ak, 

ending. 

'higami- 
shk,  "a 
there  is 
syllable. 
ashkokay 

ip  bay;'* 
deeply ;" 

,  "where 

'  wawan, 

a   great 

8,   L.   S.) 
J;"  ««*igi- 

le  Indiitns 
e    of    the 

8,  "  Horse 
n^   Can:i- 

sep.     This 
Mormons 

)  "  Horse 
the    term 
harbor. 

Wikwedos- 

the  bay ; " 

age,  which 

uo  UArhte 

tance  from 
king. 

fie  Tslatidf, 
"  Manan 
lerry  (dog, 


Sinande:  Minissing-wejijihad,'  Zhaskawani- 


wood)    tree."       The    prefix    gor,    and    the    ending   -ika,    are 
explained  elsewhere. 

Irishman. 

hissij  also  ZJuigandsh.  Sinande,  from  the  French  les  Irian 
dais.  Minissing-wenjihad,  '*  one  who  comes  from  an  island  ; " 
in  consequence  of  mistaking  Ireland  for  isla/nd.  Zhasha' 
icanihissi,  "a  swallow;"  by  another  misunderstanding,  taking 
the  French  Irlandaia  for  hirondelle,  "a  swallow."  Zhaga- 
nosh,  "Englishman;"  on  account,  of  the  Irish  speaking  the 
English  language. 

Ishpeming.  (Marquette  Co.,  Mich.)  An  Indian  name 
given  by  the  whites  to  a  village  (now  city)  a  few  miles  ab(»ve 
Kegaunee.     Ishpiming,  means  "  above,"  or  "  on  higli." 

Kahoka.  A  division  of  the  Illinois  tribe  were  com- 
monly called  Kahokia  (French  Kaoiikia).  The  Indian  spell- 
ing is  Gawakia,  "  the  lean  ones."  Ojibwa  gawakadoso,  "  he 
is   extremely  lean." 

Kaskaskia.  (A  division  of  the  Illinois  tribe.)  From 
gaskashkiwe,  "his  voice  has  the  sound  of  blades  of  (dry) 
grass  (or  husks)  being  rubbed  together;"  "his  voice  is 
husky."  Gask-y  "rubbing  sound;"  -ashk,  "grass;"  -we,  "he 
speaks  thus." 

Kenosha.  Ginozhe,  or  kinozhe  (pronounced  ke-no-zhd)^ 
"a  pike  (fish)."     Ginozhes'ibiy  "pike  river." 

Keweenaw.  (U.  P.,  Mich.)  From  the  Indian  Kaki- 
weonan,  "a  short  way  by  water  across  a  point  of  land." 
Aak;  "  straight,"  "  straight  through ; "  kakiwe,  "  he  crosses  a 
point;"  -onau,   inaonan,  "a  canoe  chatmel." 

The  form  liionconan,  which  occurs  in  some  texts,  {e.  g. 
in  Perrots  Memoirs,)  is  owing  to  a  mistake  of  the 
copyists,  who  wrote  n  for  w,  and  c  for  e,  in  the  French 
rendering  of  the  name,  which  is  Kioueonan. 

The  term  refers  to  the  route  by  Portage  River  and  Lake, 
across-  the  Kewe::naw  peninsula. 

Killarney.  (Ontario,  L.  II.)  Zh'hd/man,  locative 
Zhihdondning,  "  where  they  pass  through  a  cliannel."  Zhiha-y 
"passing  through;"  -onAn,  "a  boat  channel." 

An  island  opposite  the  village  forms  a  channel,  just  wide 
enough  for  steamers  to  pass  through,  between  the  main  shore 
and  the  island.      (See  Cheboygan  liiver.) 

Lake  Michigamme.  (Marquette  Co.,  Mich.)  Miahi- 
garni,  "  the  branching  lake ; "  so  called  from  its  form.  4t 
may  also  be  translated  "great  lake." 


nr 


24 


INDIAN  names; 


\ 


Lake  Nipissing'.  (Ontario,  Canada.)  Kichinibishing, 
the  locative  case  of  Aiehinibish,  "big  lake."  JVibi,  (in  the 
Ottawa  dialect,  nibish,}  properly  means  "water,"  but  ia  also 
used  for  "a  body  of  water,'  "a  small  lake." 

In  the  Pottawatomie  dialect,  m'bish,  is  an  "inland  lake." 

Lake  Superior.  Ojibwehichigdml,  "the  great  water 
of  the  ()jil)wa."  The  Indians  living  on  or  near  Lake  Supe- 
rior, call  it  simply  Kinhigami,  "great  water."  Kichi-, 
"  great ; "  -garni,  "  water,"  "  a  body  of  water." 

This  lake  was  the  pond  of  the  Giant  Beaver  hunted  by 
Menabosho,  who  broke  its  dams,  thereby  causing  the  Saut 
Ste.  Marie  and  Neebish  rapids.  Another  consequence  was 
the  subsidence  of  the  water,  the  ancient  beach  being  still 
plainly  visible  on  many  points  of  the  shore,  some  ten  feet 
above  tl^e  present  level  of  the  lake.  (This  is  Indian 
geology  !)     (See  Ashlaml  Bag.) 

Lake  of  the  Woods.  (Minnesota  and  Manitoba.) 
I*aj)ikwawangasagaigan,  "  sand  -  hill  lake."  Pihwawanga  (from 
/vi^o-,  " knob  sliapeii,"  and  -awanga,  "there  is  sand  on  the 
shore"),  "there  is  a  sand-hill  on  the  shore;"  papikwawanga, 
''there  are  many  sand-hills  on  the  shore." 

L'Anse.  (Barajja  Co.,  Mich.)  The  French  translation 
of  the  Ojibwa  Wikwed,  "the  bay,"  or  "  the  head  of  the 
bay."  It  is  generally  used  in  the  locative  case,  Wihwedong  •, 
from  wih-,  {^><J-t  "yoag-,  wak-,)  "round,"  "bent." 

Laughing  Fish  Point.  (Schoolcraft  Co.,  Mich.) 
Atlkcimeg-bdjnd,  "  laughing- whitefish." 

The  origin  of   this  singular  name  is  unknown. 

Little  Munusco  River.  (Chippewa  Co.,  Mich.) 
Andkandshkosihi,  "rush  river."  Anakan,  "a  floor  mat;" 
-ashk,  "grass,"  "a  shaft;"  hence  anakanashk,  "a  rush  (used 
for  making  mats)." 

Little  Traverse  Bay.  (L.  M.)  Wikwedos,  "little 
bay."      (See   llarlyr   Springs.) 

Marquette.  (U.  P.  Mich.)  Kichinamebinisibing.,  "at 
the  big  carp -river."     (See  Carp  liiver.) 

Michigran  Island.  (One  of  the  Apostle  Islands,  L. 
S.)  Pagiddbimimss.,  "fishing  island."  Pagid-.,  "letting 
go,"  "abandoning;"  -ab,  "thread,"  "line;"  pagidabi,  "he 
sets  a  fish-line  (with  several  hooks)." 

Michipicoten.  (Island,  L.  S.)  A  corruption  of  the 
Ojibwa  name,  Mishipihoadina,  whicii  means  "  there  is  high 
laud  in  the  form  of  a  large  knob,"  or  "there  is  a  big  bluff." 


INDIAN  NAMES. 


26 


(( 


at 


"he 


This  term  is  composed  of  three  formatives,  mishi-,  "Jarge;" 
piko;  or  pikwa-,  " «  ball,"  or  "  a  knob ; "  and  -dina,  *,'  tiiere 
is  high  land."  The  name  was  transferred  to  the  island  from 
a   bluff  on  the  opposite  shore. 

(Compare  Katahdin^  properly  Kitadin^  "  big  mountain.?' 
Kit;  is  the  equivalent  of  the  Ojibwa  kichi-,  in  the  New 
England  dialects.)      (See  Pe-quod-e-nonye.) 

Mississippi.  MUhisibi,  (pronounced  me-she-ae-he^ 
"the  great  river,"       Mishi-,  "great;"  sihiy  "river." 

Moccasin.  Mdkisin,  "a  shoe."  From  magosid^ 
"foot  compress."  {Mago-,  "compressing;"  -sid,  "foot.") 
Thus  ininjikawan,  "mitten,"  "glove,"  literally  means, 
"fitting  the  hand." 

Mohegan.  (The  name  of  a  New  England  tribe.) 
Maingan,  "a  wolf;"  Cree  maMgan.  From  maw-,  "weep- 
ing;" originally,  "crying,"  "howling."  The  Delawares  call 
the  wolf  metemmen,  "old  woman;"  Menominee  metowoc/t y 
Ojibwa  mindimoye. 

Montreal.      (Canada.)     See    Canada. 

Mugwump.  Massachusetts  magwamp,  "a  chief,"  "a 
superior."  Tlius  Eliot  translated  the  biblical  term  "duke" 
{Gen.  xxxvi.)  Ojibwa  magagwiiwed,  the  participle  of  ma- 
gwiiwe,  "he  is  stronger  than  another,"  "he  surpasses;"  from 
rruxgo-,  "compressing,"  "squeezing." 

Munising.  (Alger  County,  Mich.)  An  Indian  name 
given  by  the  whites  to  a  town  on  the  shore  opposite  Grand 
Island,  L.  S.  The  term  was  intended  for  minissing,  the 
locative  case  of  miniss,  "island."     (See  Grand  Island.) 

Muskegon  River.  (Wis.)  MashklgosiU,  "swamp 
river."  Mashkig,  "  swamp,"  is  shortened  from  mashkiktj 
"grassy  ground. 

Na  lekagon  Lake.  (Bayfield  Co.,  Wis.)  Namekdgan^ 
"  sturgeon  lake  ; "  properly  "  a  place  where  sturgeons  abound." 

Nawanikek  Island,  or  Burnt  Island.  (Chip- 
pewa  Co.,  Mich.)  Naonikeg  Jlimss,  "  four  fathom  island. " 
Baonikeg  is  the  participle  of  nionike,  "it  is  four  fathoms 
long  (wjde,  deep,  etc.) ; "  from  mo-,  "  four,"  and  -nik,  "  arm." 

There  is  a  channel  of  four  fathoms  width  between  this 
and  a  neighboring  island. 

Nebagamain  Lake.  (Douglas  Co.,  Wis.)  Nihe- 
gomowini - sdgaigan^  "a  lake  where  they  float  in  the  night 
(waiting  for  game)."      (See  Fire -steel  liiver.) 


m 


Mi' 


M!;i 


96 


INDIAN  NAMES. 


Neche.  JViJi,  "my  companion,"  "my  equal;"  used  in 
the  vocative  only,  in  familiar  conversation  between  males. 
An  abbreviation  of  nijikiwesi,  "  iny  fellow  male;"  from  w?^, 
n-,  "my;"  wid-,  wij-^  referring  to  companionship;  and  -kiwe, 
-kiwis,  "male,"  "man."  Niji,  stands  for  onr  "Sir,"  or,  aa 
the  case  may  be,  "  my  boy,"  '*  l)oy,"  "  man,"  "  friend," 
"stranger,"  et  cetera.  Nidjee,  or  Neche,  is  colloquially  used 
by  the  whites  for  "Indian."  (The  corresponding  term 
among  females  is  nindangwe,  "  my  woman.''  "  my  girl," 
whic!.  means  also  "my  sister-in-law."  Nikanisa,  "my 
brother,"  is  a  less  familiar  address  of  similar  import.) 

Neebish  Island.  (St.  Mary's  Riv^r,  Mich.)  Ani- 
huhimiruHS,  "leaf  island."  Hence  also  he  name  of  the 
Neebish  Rajpids. 

Negaunee.  (Marquette  Co.,  Mich.)  The  rosnlt  of 
an   attempt    to    translate   the*  word    "'•Pioneer^''   into   Ojibwa. 

Pioneer  Furnace,  was  the  original  name  of  the  settlement. 
Nigdni,  means,  "  he  walks  foreujost,"  "  he  leads  ;  "  from  nigan^ 
"  ahead,"  "  before."  Naganid,  "  one  who  walks  ahead," 
would  have  been  nearer  the  mark. 

Neshota  River.    (Wis.)     NizhodesiU,   "twin  river." 

Oak  Island.  (One  of  the  Apostle  Islands,  L.  S.) 
Mitigoviinika,  "there  is  an  abundance  of  acorns  there." 
Mitig,  "a  tree;"  min,  "something  round,"  "a  small  globular 
object,"  "  a  berry,"  "  a  grain  ; "  hence,  mitigomin,  "  an  acorn  ; " 
(a  grain  growing  on  trees;  just  as  in  Anglo-Saxon  aecern, 
"  acorn,"  is  formed  from  aec,  or  ac,  "  an  oak ; "  and  cern,  or 
corn,  '"grain;")  -ika,  "there  is  much,  of  it." 

O  dan  ah.  Odena,  "a  village."  This  word  is  derived 
from   -ode,    "family,"    from   which  we  also  have   Totem. 

Ogontz  River.  (Delta  Co.,  Mich.)  Ogsidstbi, 
"little  pickerel  river."  Ogds,  is  the  diminutive  form  of 
ogd,  "  a  pickerel." 

Ontonagon  River.  (Mich.)  NandonaganisHhi.  or 
Nindondganisihi,  (pronounced  N'' donaganisibi,)  •' fishing 
river."  Nandone-,  "seeking,"  "searching,"  "hunting;" 
hence,  nandonagan,  "a  fishing  place;"  the  same  as  the 
Ottawa  nandowagan.  ' 

The  Indians,  who  are  as  expert  as  any  other  people  in  get- 
ting up  a  story  to  suit  a  name,  relate  the  following,  which 
we  quote  from  Baraga) s  Dictionary :  "  A  sqiiaw  once  went 
to  this  river  to  fetch' water  with  an  Indian  earthen  dish,  but 
unfortunately  the  dish  escaped   from   her   hand   and   went  to 


INDIAN  NA.ME8. 


S7 


used  in 
ti  males, 
roni  w*-, 
id  'kiwe, 
,"  or,  aa 
'  friend," 
illy  used 
ig  term 
girl," 


"my 

Ani- 
of    the 


rosnlt  of 
Ojibwa. 

ttlement. 

n  nigariy 
ahead,'* 

n   river.'* 

,   L.    S.) 

\    there." 

globular 

acorn ; " 

I   aecern, 

cern,   or 

I  derived 

em. 

form    of 

liaihi.  or 

"fishing 

unting;'* 

!    as    the 

• 

Ic  in  get- 
ig,  which 
nee  went 
dish,  but 
went  to 


the  bottom  of  the  river,  whereupon  the  poor  squaw  began  to 
lauient :  iVia,  nind  oncbgan^  nind  onctgan,  "  Ah,  my  dish  1  my 
dish  !"  Such  is  the  Indian  tradition  ;  but  more  likely,  the  word 
is  the  same  as  the  Ottawa  nandowagan,  "a  fishing  place;" 
from  the  verbal  nando-,  "to  go  in  search  of."  JVandonige, 
"he  is  searching." 

Oshkosh.  From  Oahkdzh,  the  name  of  a  Menominee 
chief.  The  meaning  of  the  word  is  a  "  nail,"  "  hoof,"  or 
"  claw."  In  compounds,  it  becomes  gdzh,  as  pizhikiwigdzh, 
"  an  ox  claw  ; "  hehejigogdzhi,  "  a  horse ; "  literally  "  an  animal 
with  but  one  nail  (hoof)  at  each  foot." 

Outer  Island.  (One  of  the  Apostle  Islands,  L.  S.) 
Kichieshkwewindeg  {miniea,)  "  great  outlying  island."  Kichi-, 
"large;"  iskkwe-,  "last;"  agwinde,  "it  lies  in  the  water;" 
ishkwewinde,  "it  is  the  last  island;"  eshkwewindeg,  is  the 
parti. iple.     The  addition  of  ininias,  "island,"  is  optional. 

PecksvillCt  (St.  Joseph's  Island,  St.  Mary's  River, 
Mich.)  Gas/ikeowang,  "  where  they  peel  oflf  something  (of 
an  animate  being)." 

According  to  a  widespread  belief,  the  scrapings  of  a  drag- 
on's (Manitou- Serpent's)  horns  are  a  most  effective  "medicine;" 
but  to  obtain  them  from  the  living  Manitou,  great  cnnning 
and  courage  are  required.  This  feat  was  performed  at  the 
place  in  question,  at  the  mouth  of  a  little  stream. 

Perhaps  the  contignration  of  the  neighboring  shore -line, 
resembling  (on  the  map)  a  horn -snake's  head,  gave  rise  to  the 
legend.  However  this  may  be,  the  scrapings,  it  is  said,  were 
sold  at  a  high  price  to  the  neighboring  Hurons. 

The  name  Pecksville  appears  on  older  maps.  The  neigh- 
borhood has  been  abandoned  by  the  settlers,  and  is  now  called 
Gashkaywonk^  from  the  Indian  name. 

Pemmican.  Cree  pimikkan^  " prepared  fat ; "  from 
pimikkew,  "he  prepares  fat  {pimiy;  Ojibwa  bimide.);'' 
i.  e.,  for  use  on  a  journey,  in  the  well  known  way  of  mixing 
it  with  powdered  sun-dried  meat,  and  compressing  the 
mixture  into  bags. 

Pictured  Rocks.  (Schoolcraft  Co.,  Mich.)  Ishkwe^  \ 
ydzhihiknng,  "at  the  last  cliff."  Ishkwe-,  "the  end  of  any-  | 
thing,"  "last;"  azhibik,  "rock,"  "cliff ;" -ow^,  locative  affix. 

In  traveling  east,  along  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
after  passing  the  Pictured  Rocks,  no  more  steep  rocks  are 
encountered  for  a  considerable  distance. 


28 


INDIAN  NAMES. 


Pigeon  Island.  (One  of  tlie  Apostle  Islands,  L.  8.^ 
Omimimimsa,  "wild  pigeon  island."  Omimiy  "a  wild  pigeon." 
{Wabinimi,    "a   white    pigeon,"  i.  e.  "a  domestic  pigeon.) 

Piscataway.  In  the  Maryland  dialect  PasMiowe, 
"the  river  branches ;"  tJie  equivalent  of  the  Ojibwa  bake- 
tlyweya ;  from  lake-,  "aside,"  "another  way;"  and  -tiyweya, 
"  the  river  runs  thus."     Cree  paskeatikweyaw. 

Pistake  Lake.  (111.)  Peshetiko - Sdyaigan,  "wild 
goose  river  lake."     (See  Fox  River,  III.) 

Pocahontas,  Pagioanedass  "Hole -in -the -Legging," 
"perforated -legging."  Pnywcme-,  "hollow;"  -dasj8,  (as  an 
independent  word,  midanti,)  "legging,"  "stocking." 

Portage  Lake.  (Keweenaw  Co.,  Mich.)  Onigami- 
Sdyaiyan,  "  portage  lake,"  Onigam^  (Cree  onikap^  "  a 
portage ; "  sagaigan,  "  an  inland  lake.  "  Onige,  "  he  makes 
a  portage ; "  Cree  onikew,  "  he  carries  on  his  shoulders ; " 
Sagaiyan,  (Cree  sakahiyan,)  is  a  compound  of  sag, 
"coining  forth,"  (referring  to  the  outlet  of  inland  lakes,)  and 
the  obsolete  -aigan,  whicli  appears  in  the  Delaware  kitahikan^ 


the  ocean;"  literally  "big  lake." 


this    lake    and    Lake 


Note. — The    portage    was    between 
Superior,  where  there  is  now  a  canal. 

Rabbit   Island.      (One  of  the  Apostle   Islands,  L.  S.) 
Wabosormntss,  "rabbit   island."       Wabos,    "a   rabbit;"    origi- 
nally "  the  white,  one,"  or  perhaps,  "  the  white    rover." 

Raspberry  Island.  (One  of  the  Apostle  Islands. 
L.  S.)  Miskwiminika,  "  ra8pl)erries  are  plentiful  there." 
Miskwimlti,  "  raspberry  ; "  literally  "  blood  -  berry." 

Redcllff.  (Bayfield  Co.,  Wis.)  Pasmhikang,  "at  the 
cleft  rock."  Pass-,  "splitting;"  -abik,  "stone,"  "rock;" 
passabika,  "the  stone  is  cleft,"  or  "there  is  a   steep  rock." 

The  term  refers  to  a  cleft  in  a  ledge  of  rock,  which  is 
between   Chicago  Bay  and   Redcliff. 

Red  River  of  the  North.  Miskwdgamis'ibi,  "red 
water  river,"     Misko-,  "  red  ;"  -agam,  "  water." 

Round  Island.  (St.  Mary's  Kiver,  Mich.)  Kokoshimi- 
n%8s,  "  hog  island."     Kokosh,  "a  pig;"  from  the  French  cochon. 

This  small  island  was  formerly  shunned  by  the  Indians, 
and  the  more  superstitious  still  fear  to  use  it  for  a  camping 
ground ;  for,  as  they  say,  a  mardtou  in  the  form  of  a  large 
pig,  once  appeared  there  to  a  traveling  party,  and  forbade 
them  on  their  peril  to  camp  on  his  island. 

St.  Joseph's  Island.  (St.  Mary's  River,  Ontario.) 
Pekwddindshing,  "where  there  is  a  bad  bluff."     Pikwadina, 


INDIAN  NAMES. 


9» 


Is,  L.  S.J 
;  pigeon, 
geon.) 
asMtowe, 
wa    hake- 
-tigweya^ 

n,    "  wild 

Legging," 
s,    (as   an 

Onigami- 
kap,)  "  a 
lie  makes 
oulders;" 
of  sag, 
ikes,)  and 
titahikan, 

ind    Lake 

ds,  L.  S.) 

;;"   origi- 

ir." 

3   Islands. 

il    there." 

r,  "at  the 
"  rock ; " 
)  rock." 
,  which  is 

nhi,   "  red 

lokoshimi- 
ch  coclion. 
3  Indians, 
I  camping 
)/  a  large 
i   forbade 

Ontario.) 
ikwadina, 


id."  1 


creek." 


SM 


iwe.   or 


Makozhi- 


"there  is  a  blnff;"  -sMn,  a  vituperative  inanimate  verbal 
ending;  by  changing  i  to  <?,  and  affixing  g,  the  participle  is 
formed.  ' 

A  ridge  of   land  with   a  steep   bluff   traverses  the   island. 

St.  Louis  River,  (Minn.)  KiGhigdmis'ihi,  "big  lake 
river."  It  was  the  liighvvay  to  Lake  Superior  for  canoe 
travelers  from  the  western  wilds; — the  river  leading  to  the 
big  lake. 

Sand  Island.  (One  of  the  Apostlo  Islands,  L.  S. ) 
Oagashkitdwanga,  "where  the  sand  forms  an  obstruction."  or 
"where  there  is  a  sand-bar."  Ga-^  a  participle  prefix,  obso- 
lete in  the  Ojibwa  dialect,  but  still  used  in  others.  Gaahk-, 
"tying,"  "ploaing  up;"  mitawanga,  "there  is  nothing  hut 
sand  on    the  shore." 

Sailor's   Encampment.      (Chippewa     Co,     Mic 
Ashigdnikan,  "the  place  where  bass  -  iish  {ashigaii)  is>  found 

Scotchman.    Eeosse^  from  the  French  Ecosf^ais.     Also 
\lpit6towe,  "one  who  lays  great  stress  on  his  words." 

Sebewa.      Sihiwe,    (also    aihiwes,    and    sibiwis/ie,)    "a 
Irivulet,"  "a  brook." 

Sebewaing.      Slhlweng,   "at  the 
^sibiwishe,  is  the  diminutive  of  sibi,  "river 

Seven  Stars.    (The  constellation  Pleiades.) 
gwan,  "  bear's  carcass." 

Shabominikan  Bay.  (La  Pointc  Island,  L.  S.) 
Zhahomlnikan,  "  gooseberry  -  place."  Zhahomin^  "gooseberry;" 
z/iabom.inika,  "gooseberries  abound  there."  Zhabo-,  "passing 
through;"  min,  "a  berry;"  hence  zhabomin,  "a  berry  that 
causes  diarrhoea,"  "cathartic  berry." 

Sinsinawa.      Slnsinawe,    or    Zh.inzhtnarc<\    com\x\()x^\y 
Zhinawe,  "rattlesnake."     Zhinawe,  "it  makes  a  rattling  sound." 
Another  name  for  the  rattlesnake,  is  zhishigwe,  from  zhhhi- 
gv^an,  a  gourd,  bottle,  or  bladder,  used  as  a  "  rattle." 

Spanish    River.       Eshpaymibi,    "river    of   the  Span-b 
iard."      Eshpago,  "a  Spaniard;"  from  the  French  Espagnol. 

Spirit    Island.       (One  of   the   Apostlo   Islands,  L.  S.) 
iManitoininisses,  "little  island  of  the  Manitou." 

This  island  contains  about  one  acre. 

Steamboat  Island.  (One  of  the  Apostle  Islands, 
L.  S.)  Ishkotendhikwdniniimss,  "fire-ship  island."  Ishkote, 
"fire;"  nahikwan,  "ship;"  miniss,  "island."  \  N^abikwan,  m 
corrupted  from  nabagoon,  "a  flat  vessel;"  nabago-,  "flat;" 
-on,  "canoe,"  "boat,"  "vessel.") 


iiii 

11 


i«i 


80 


U4DIAN  NAME6. 


Stockbridge  Indian.  (A  remnant  of  Mohcgans,  near 
Green  B&y,  Wis.)      Wabandki,  " Eastlander." 

Sturgeon  Bay.  (Door  Co.,  Wis.)  Namewikwed^  or 
Namemkwedos^  "sturgeon  bay,"  or  "little  Bturu;eon  bay." 
Name,  "a  sturgeon;"  wikwed,  "a  bay."  Generally  used  in 
tlio  locative  case,  Namewikwedong,  or  jSfamewikwedoaing. 

Sturgeon  River.  (Menominee  Co.,  Mich.)  Names^i, 
"sturgeon  river."  Name,  "a  sturgeon."  In  the  eastern  Algic 
dialects,  namd,  or  namdn,  (according  to  the  Moravian  [German] 
spelling,  namaey  namaes,)  means  a  ''  tish." 

Sugar  Island.  (St.  Mary's  River,  Mich.)  Sisibdkwa- 
tdminiss,  "sugar -tree  island."  Sisihakwat,  "sugar;"  ironi 
ttlb;  or  aidh-,  "flowing,"  "dropping;"  aiu!  -akwa,  referring 
to   a  tree. 

This  island  is  also  called  Ishkonigan,  "a  reserve"  (Indian 
Reserve) :  from  ishhmige,  "  he  keej)s  back." 

Superior.  (Douglas  Co.,  Wis.)  Wayekwdkichigdming, 
"at  the  end  of  the  big  lake."  Wayekwa-,  means  "at  the 
end  of  — ^ ; "  kichigami,  "  a  large  body  of  water." 

Tawas.  (Iosco  Co.,  Mich.)  From  Otdwds,  "Little 
Ottawa;"  the  name  of  an  Ojibwa  chief,  who  once  lived  in 
that  neighborhood. 

Tea.  Anihlshdbo,  "leaf -water,"  "loaf- fluid."  Tea,  in 
leaves,  is  simply  called  anihish,  "leaf."  Kichianihiah,  "big 
leaf,"  means  "cabbage." 

The  Ojibwa  are  acquainted  with  several  dlflFerent  kinds  of 
herbs   and   leaves   that  serve   as  substitutes  for   our  tea. 

Three  Lakes.  (Baraga  Co.,  Mich.)  Ayanikegdgor 
mag,  "  connected  lakes,"  or  "  where  there  is  a  chain  of  lakes." 
It  is  a  participle  of  anikegagama,  "there  is  a  succession 
(atuke-,  anikeg-,)  of  lakes  {-agamay^     (See  Alleghany.) 

Toboggan.  A  corruption  of  the  Old  Algonkin  otahd- 
gan,  "a  sleigh."^  The  Ojibwa  fo'-ru  is  oddban,  from  odabi, 
"he  drags."  Titibisse-odaban,  or  titibidaban,  "a  sledge  on 
wheels,"  "a  wagon;"  tiiough,  commonly,  they  use  odaban 
for  both  sleighs  and  wagons.  Isk  -  kote  •  oddban,  "  fire  -  wagon," 
"locomotive." 

Torch  Lake.  (Houghton  Co.,  Mich.)  Wasswewining, 
"where  they  spear  fish  by  torch -light."  Wa^swa,  "he  is 
spearing  (aA:oi«a)  fish  by  the  light  (wasseya)  of  a  torch;" 
wa^swewin,  "the  act  of  spearing  fish  by  torch  -  light." 

Traverse  Island.  (Keweenaw  Bay,  Mich.)  Nimi- 
ndganiminus,  "crossing  island."  Niminagan,  "a  crossing 
place;"  miniss,  "island." 


INDIAN  NA.MB8. 


81 


ms,  near 

^cwedy  or 
n    bay." 
used  in 
ing. 

"amesibi, 
rn  Algic 
German] 

'sibdkwa- 
; "  i  roin 
referring 

'  (Indiiui 


tgamwg, 
"at   the 


"  Little 
lived  in 

Tea,  in 

iah,  "  big 

kinds  of 
tea. 

niTi'egdgar 
of  lakes." 
succession 

y-) 

k\\\  otahd- 
3ni  odahi, 
sledge  on 
16  odahan 
5  -  wagon," 

we  wining  J 

a,    "  he   is 

a   torch;" 

t." 

I.)    Ntmi- 

i    crossing 


Triangle.  (A  small  constellation  sitnated  between  Ariea 
and  Andromeda.)  Makoahtigwan^  "  bear's  head."  Makwa., 
"bear;"  -shtigwan,  "head." 

Two  Hearted  River.  (Chippewa  Co.,  Mich.)  An 
erroneous  translation  of  Nishodesibi,  "twin  river."  Nizhodh^ 
"a  twin."     Nizh.,  "two;"  -ode,  '-lamily,"  "origin,"  "descent." 

Two  rivers  emptying  at  or  near  the  same  place,  are  apt 
to  be  thus  called :  e.  g.,,  the  Neahota  Hiver.,  in  Wisconsin. 

Two  Hearted  River  would  be,  Nizhodeaihi.  Nizh^  "two;" 
-de^  "heart."  The  dififercnce  in  the  pronunciation  of  the 
two  words  is  very  slight. 

Vermilion  River.  (111.)  Oaanamaniaihi,  "vermilion 
river."     (See  Lake  Verrnilion.) 

Wabansa.  (A  noted  Pottawatomie  chief.)  Wahand- 
niaaiy  contracted  into  Wahdniaai,  "White  Eagle."  Wab-, 
"white;"  ajiatii,  atianiasi,  "eagle."  The  latter  term  is  obso- 
lete in  Ojibwa,  but  appears  in  the  compound  migiaananiaai 
(originally  migasanamsai),  "eagle  fighter;"  in  the  Cree 
■asponaaiw,  "  eagle ; "  and  in  the  Delaware  woaplanne  {waba- 
lane),  a  "  bald  eagle ; "  etymologically  "  white  eagle." 

Wabanaa  was  present  at  the  massacre  of  the  Fort  Dear- 
born garrison  August  15,  1812,  and  signed  both  (1821-1836) 
of  the  Indian  Treaties  made  at  Chicago.  The  sculptured 
face  on  the  so-called  "  Wabanaa  atone"  (in  the  yard  at  104 
Pine  St.,  Chicago),  is  said  to  be  his  portrait. 

Wacheo.  Wajiw,  the  final  w  having  almost  the  sound 
^f  00.  This  term  is  common  to  the  Ojibwa,  Ottawa,  Potta- 
watomie, Cree  and  other  Algonkin  dialects,  and  means  "a 
mountain,"  or  "a  hill." 

Mount  Waohuaett  owes  its  name  to  the  same  root,  which 
in    a  mutilated  form,    is    also  contained    in    Maaaachuaetta. 

Wapakoneta.  (Menominee.)  Wapikanita,  "clay 
river,"     (See  Auglaize  jRiner.) 

Waugoshance.  (Island,  L.  M.)  WagoaMa,  "little 
fox;"  from   wagoah,  "fox;"  witli   the   diminutive   ending  ea. 

Waukesha.  Wakoshe,  the  Miami  form  of  the  Ojibwa 
wagosh,  "a  fox." 

Whiskey.      {Rum,  etc.)     Jahkoiswaho,  "fire-water." 
This   word,    unfortunately   but  too  well   known  to   whites 
in    Indian    neighborhoods,   is  generally   prono  need   by    them 
■ahkotewdbo.     The  principal  accent  is  on  the  e\  but  this  vowel 
is  short,  while  a  is  long,  —  hence  the  mistake. 


89 


INDIAN  NAMES. 


ln;:ii 


White  Fish  Point.  (Chippewa  Co.,  Midi.)  Mmi- 
hong,  "boaver  point."  Ne-^  "a  point;"  amik,  "a  beaver;" 
•onijy  locative  affix. 

Nemikay,  "  point  of  breakers,"  may  have  been  the  original 
name.      (See  Ashland  Bay.) 

White  River.  (Anliland  Co.,  Wis.)  Batotigweyag, 
"at  the  double  river,"  or  "where  the  water  runs  along- 
side." Bito;  "double,"  "lining;"  -tigweya,  "the  water 
runs."  The  cliango  of  i  to  a  and  the  addition  of  g,  form 
the  participle. 

White   River   runs  for   some   distance   parallel    with    Bad 
Hiver,  before  emptying  into  it. 

Willimantic  River.  (Conn.)  Wwnamanitil'ot,  the 
New  England  equivalent  of  the  Ojibwa  onamanitigo'ng.  "at 
the  vermilion  (red  clay)  river."  On-^  "good,"  "beautiful;" 
-amati,  -man,  "  ore,"  "  earth  ; "  hence  onatnati,  "  red  (ilay," 
"  vermilion  ; "  -itig,  "  iinning  water." 

The  name,  spelled  in  old  documents  Waramanticut,  also 
Walla?nanticuck,  has  the  same  meaning. 

(Compare  the  Abuaki  ouramann  as  given  in  Rasles'  dic- 
tionary ;  the  Delaware  walamen,  "  painting ; "  and  also  Walor 
mmik,  "at  the  place  of  paint.") 

Wilson's  Island.  (One  6f  the  Apostle  Islands,  L. 
S.)  Eshawegondeg  (tmnisa),  "transveree  island."  Azhawe-, 
"transversely,"  "crosswise;"  agwinde,  "it  lies  in  the 
water."  The  change  of  the  initial  a  into  e,  and  the  addi- 
tion of  g,  form  the  participle. 

W i n  e .  Zhominnho,  "  grape  -  water."  Zhomin, 
osaioamin,  "yellow  berry,")  "a  grape;"  -abo, 
"fluid;"  e.g.,  oshibiigajiaho,  "writing  fluid,"  "ink;"  ma-shki- 
kiwabo,  "  inedicine  water,"  "liquid  medicine."  (Mashkiki, 
from  the  formative  -ashk,  "a  blade,"  had  originally  the  mean- 
ing "herb."     The  Cree  inaskikig  is  still  used   in   this  sense.) 

Yuba.  Aydbe,  "  Male  -  Beast ; "  tlie  name  of  a  noted 
Ojibwa  warrior.  Ayad,  "any  living  thing;"  -ahe,  "male." 
The  compound  ayahe,  however,  is  restricted  to  the  males  of 
mammalia.  Ayahe  is  soinetiiues  called  Kichiayabe,  "Big- 
Male- Beast,"  in  order  to  distinguish  him  from  AyabcK,  Lit- 
tle-Male-Beast." The  former  is  spoken  of  as  a  man  of 
immense  strength,  while  the  latter  is  said  to  have  excelled 
in  woodcraft;  being  able  —  the  Ojibwa  assert  —  to  reach  in  a 
bee  line,  the  most  distant  points  —  by  night. 


(from 
"water," 


Nemi' 
iver;" 

riginal 

weyag, 

along - 

water 

form 

Bad 


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11  I 


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FRED.  R.  EMERICK,  Proprietor  and  Manager. 


This  hotel  was  built  for  the  special  comfort  of  summer  boarders. 

On  arrival,  each  guest  will  be  asked  how  he  liltes  the  situation,  and  if  he  says  the 
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of  the  hotel  will  be  immediately  changed. 

Corner  front  rooms,  up  one  flight,  for  every  guest.  Baths,  gas,  electricity,  hot 
and  cold  water,  laiuidry,  telegraph,  restaurant,  fire  alarm,  bar-room,  billiard  table, 
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minute,  and  consequently  no  second  table.  French  and  Gennan  dictionaries  fur- 
nished every  guest,  to  make  up  such  a  bill  of  fare  as  he  may  desire. 

Waiters  of  any  nationality  or  color  desired.  Kvery  waiter  furnished  with  a  fan, 
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Our  clerk  was  specially  educatt-d  for  "The  New  Mackinac,"  he  wears  the  original 
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the  cinder  out  of  your  eye,  take  you  out  rowing,  lead  the  german,  amuse  the  chil- 
dren, make  a  fourth  at  whist,  or  llirt  with  any  young  lady,  and  will  not  mind  being 
cut  dead  when  Pa  comes  down.  He  will  attend  to  the  telephone  and  answer  all 
questions  in  Choctaw,  Chinese,  Chippewa,  Volapuk,  or  any  other  of  the  Court  lan- 
guages of  Europe. 

The  proprietor  will  always  be  happy  to  hear  that  some  other  hotel  is  "  the  best 
in  the  country."  Special  attention  given  lu  parties  who  give  information  as  to 
"how  these  things  are  done  in  Bo.ston." 


;m 


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AB 


OUR  liOCATION  is  hi  u  pleasant  village  where  the  expenses  of  labor  and 
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CUJSIIOYGAN,  MICH.  33  Metropolitan  Bl'k,  CHICAGO,  ILLS. 


! 

P 

t^ANIZED.    "^^ 

Fully  -^^ 

:(iUIPPED.     SxRiyfl^MlNNEAPOLIS.i 

CouNcTC  Bluffs  «  OmahJ 
BENVE^jfTHE  Black  Hills,    f 
=??  All  Points  in 

louTH  Dakota 


__  COLOF^ADO,^ 

pieTsut^'Br  Of^egon  js  Washingtipn. 

ticker  Aqenrs,  at  )iW-       /  "^ 

^upon  Stations, on  all  connechnq' 
lines.to furnish  tnfopmdtion  and/^^ 
Through  Ifckefs  over  this  great 

CH ICAGO  OfTIC^a 

lN^rTM)0f:tJWftttR,  EfWiLsotf. 


\ 


/^ 


From  Vol.  I  of  Kelton^s  '^  Indian  Names 
of  Places  Near  the  Great  Lakes." 

Chicago.  (111.)  Zhikagong,  the  locative  ease  of  zhikago, 
*'  a  skunk,"  also  used  as  a  personal  nan  e. 

Early  French  writers  mention  a  chief  named  Chicagou, 
who  lived  near  the  site  of  the  present  city.  According  to 
tradition,  Chicagou  was  drowned  in  the  river. 

Whaiever  may  have  been  the  occasion  for  applying  that 
name  to  the  locality,  there  can  be  no  question  about  the  ety- 
mology of  the  word.  Algic  proper  names  are  very  commonly 
derived  from  the  name  of  animals  by  the  addition  of  o. 
Thus  Z/nkago,  is  zliikag  used  as  a  man's  name ;  and  shikag, 
or  zhigag,  is  the  Mephitis  Americana^  or  "skunk."  The 
English  term  "skunk,"  itself  is  a  corruption  of  the  Abenaki 
form  of  the  word,  which  is,  sikango. 

Some  have  sought  to  lend  dignity  to  the  term,  by  tracing 
in  its  first  syllable,  the  second  syllable  of  kichi,  "great." 
This  is  plainly  inconsistent  with  the  Indian  pronunciation  of 
the  name. 

The  origin  of  the  word,  however  undignified,  is  plain: 
zhig,  is  the  Latin  7ningere  ^  and  kag,  or  gag,  though  now 
restricted  to  the  porcupine  •species,  was  originally  any  horrid 
little  beast ;  hence  zhi-kag,  is  equal  to  hestiola  foeda  iningens. 

Others  have  had  recourse  to  zhigagawazh  "wild  garlic;" 
but  this  does  not  help  matters,  for  the  ugly  root  zhig,  is  still 
there,  followed  by  -agaioazh,  "  a  plant ;"  hence  planta  uri- 
nam  redolens. 


il' 

ill 


m 


H 


mi  5t.  fill  ^  Msts  m  n 


MUTE  OF  FMT  UMITH  «P«SS 

TO    AND    FBOM  ^^  /%  T    1  C 

CmCACO,  ST.  P*"L  ™  """^''""^ 

HOW   CAN  YOT  BEAT  ITP 


J  NO.  M.  EG  AN, 

General  Mar.ager. 


W    B.  BUSENBARK, 

Genu  Pass,  ^gent,  CHICAGO. 


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